[1] Deutsche Bank Research Institute, “What Iran means for the dollar: a perfect storm for the petrodollar”, Mar. 24. 2026
[2] Franklin Templeton, “On My Mind: The $ is dead, long live the $”, Apr. 14, 2026
[3] Carmen M. Reinhart, “Gambling With the Dollar’s Future”, Dec. 15, 2025; Barry Eichengreen, “The Decline and Fall of the Dollar Empire,” Apr. 9, 2026
[4] Qiyuan Xu, “Our Tariff-Era Dollar, Your Problem”, Feb. 2, 2026; Erin Lockwood, “Will “Sell America” End the Dollar’s Hegemony?” Feb. 9, 2026; Jim O’Neill, “Could a BRICS Currency Work?”, Feb. 12, 2026
[5] Saleh M. Noduli, “Petrodollar Recycling and Global Imbalances”, Mar. 23, 2026
[6] Ibid.
[7] U.S. GAO, “The U.S.-Saudi Arabian Joint Commission on Economic Cooperation”, Mar. 29, 1979
[8] Bloomberg, “The Untold Story Behind Saudi Arabia’s 41-Year U.S. Debt Secret,” May 30, 2016
[9] Ibid.
[10] Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, “International Petrodollar Crisis : Hearings Before the Subcommittee on International Finance of the Committee on Banking and Currency, House of Representatives, Ninety-Third Congress, Second Session, July 9 and August 13, 1974”, Jul 9, Aug 13, 1974
[11] Carla Norrlöf, “The Decline and Fall of the Petrodollar?”, Jul. 5, 2024
[12] Brad W. Setser, “Petrodollars: Myth and Reality”, Apr. 14, 2026
[13] Ibid.
[14] Duccio Basosi, “Oil, dollars, and US power in the 1970s: re-viewing the connections”, Journal of Energy History 2019/2 No 3
[15] Scott Beyer, “Unpacking the Petrodollar War Theory”, Feb. 27, 2026
[16] Ibid.
[17] The Wall Street Journal, “Saudi Arabia Considers Accepting Yuan Instead of Dollars for Chinese Oil Sales,” Mar. 15, 2022
[18] American Foreign Policy Council, “The End of the Petrodollar?” Mar. 20, 2018
[19] Swapan-Kumar Pradhan, Eswar Prasad, Előd Takáts, Judit Temesvary, “Dollarization waves: Insights from the BIS international bond database”, Mar. 24, 2026
[20] BIS Bulletin No. 74, “The changing nexus between commodity prices and the dollar: causes and implications”, Apr. 13, 2023
[21] Fabio Panetta(Governor of Banca d'Italia), “The struggle to reshape the international monetary system: slow- and fast-moving processes”, Dec. 9, 2025