[1] Ministry of Economy, “The National Public Sector recorded an annual financial surplus for the first time since 2010. The fiscal result for 2024 was $1,764,786 million (0.3% of GDP),” Argentina.gob.ar, Jan. 17, 2025.
[2] Daniel Zaga, Federico Di Yenno, Juan Ignacio Lacapmesure, and Martin Pallotti, “Argentina oil and gas sector: Vaca Muerta shale can drive near-term growth and fuel medium-term opportunities,” Deloitte Insights, Feb. 26, 2025.
[3] Gonzalo Lacunza and Federico Daniel Di Yenno, “Investment monitor – Argentina Q3 2025,” Deloitte LATAM, Oct. 20, 2025.
[4] Daniel Zaga Szenker, Federico Daniel Di Yenno, and Federico MacDougall, “Argentina, is this time different?” Deloitte LATAM, Nov. 10, 2025.
[5] Statistics Canada.
[6] Ibid.
[7] The Secretariat: Canada-Mexico-United States, “North American free trade agreement,” May 28, 2020.
[8] DANE, “National Administrative Department of Statistics,” accessed Dec. 10, 2025.
[9] Ibid.
[10] Ibid.
[11] Ibid.
[12] Ibid.
[13] Banco de la República.
[14] Ibid.
[15] US Bureau of Economic Analysis via Haver Analytics.
[16] Megan Cerullo, “How soon could federal workers be paid after the government shutdown ends?” CBS News, Nov. 13, 2025.
[17] S&P Global via Haver Analytics.
[18] Maximiliano A. Dvorkin, Fernando Leibovici, and Ana Maria Santacreu, “How tariffs are affecting prices in 2025,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Oct. 16, 2025.
[19] Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, “Federal open market committee,” Nov. 19, 2025.
[20] Reserve Bank of Australia, “Statement on monetary policy,” November 2025.
[21] Andrew Hauser, “On the rail or off to the races? The outlook for the Australian economy,” Reserve Bank of Australia, speech, Nov. 10, 2025.
[22] Trevor Hunnicutt, “Trump shaves China tariffs in deal with Xi on fentanyl, rare earths,” Reuters, Oct. 30, 2025.
[23] Deloitte China, “Q3 2025 review and outlook for Chinese mainland & HK IPO markets,” Sept. 24, 2025.
[24] Junpei Guo, “How China’s 15th five-year plan signals a new phase of strategic adaptation,” World Economic Forum, Oct. 30, 2025.
[25] Central Statistics Office.
[26]The Economic Times, “FMCG growth dips in Q2 FY26 on GST transition, but strong H2 revival seen: Report,” Nov. 27, 2025.
[27] Japan Cabinet Office, “Regarding the estimation results of the GDP gap after the second preliminary GDP report for the April–June period of 2025,” Sept. 16, 2025.
[28] The exception was in early 2023, when the economy made a steep rebound from the COVID turmoil.
[29] Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, “General employment placement situation (August 2025),” press release, October 2025.
[30] Japan Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication, “Consumer price index,” Nov. 17, 2025.
[31] Japan Cabinet Secretariat, “Japan growth strategy headquarters/Japan growth strategy council,” accessed Dec. 12, 2025.
[32] Japan National Tourism Organization, “Japan tourism statistics,” accessed Dec. 12, 2025.
[33] Bank of Japan, “Statistics,” accessed Dec. 12, 2025.
[34] Stats NZ, “Gross domestic product: June 2025 quarter,” Sept. 18, 2025.
[35] Stats NZ, “Unemployment rate,” Nov. 5, 2025.
[36] Stats NZ, “Annual inflation at 3.0 percent in September 2025,” Oct. 20, 2025.
[37] Stats NZ, “International migration: July 2025,” Sept. 10, 2025.
[38] Forecast by Deloitte Germany.
[39] Eurostat, “Euro area unemployment at 6.3%,” accessed Nov. 13, 2025
[40] Forecast by Deloitte Germany.
[41] European Commission, “Acting on defense to protect Europeans,” accessed Nov. 13, 2025.
[42] European Central Bank, “Four years into the Next Generation EU programme: An updated preliminary uation of its economic impact,” accessed Nov. 13, 2025.
[43] Forecast by Deloitte Germany.
[44] Banque de France, “Interim macroeconomic projections – September 2025,” Sept. 15, 2025.
[45] International Monetary Fund, “World economic outlook: Global economy in flux, prospects remain dim,” October 2025; European Central Bank, “Macroeconomic projections,” Sept. 11, 2025.
[46] Pierre Aldama et al., “Interim macroeconomic projections – September 2025,” Banque de France, Sept. 15, 2025.
[47] Pierre Aldama, “Macroeconomic projections – June 2025,” Banque de France, June 11, 2025.
[48] Budget Directorate, “Documentation,” accessed Dec. 12, 2025.
[49] Aldama et al., “Interim macroeconomic projections – September 2025.”
[50] Ibid.
[51] INSEE, “Quarterly national accounts for the third quarter of 2025,” Nov. 28, 2025.
[52] Eurostat, “GDP up by 0.2% in the euro area and by 0.3% in the EU,” accessed Nov. 13, 2025.
[53] Forecast by Deloitte Germany.
[54] Ibid.
[55] Ibid.
[56] Bank of Italy, “Economic bulletin no. 4 2025,” Oct. 17, 2025.
[57] Italian National Institute of Statistics, “Manufacturing business confidence survey,” October 2025.
[58] Italian National Institute of Statistics, “Quarterly accounts of public administrations, household income and savings, and corporate profits,” accessed Dec. 12, 2025.
[59] Bank of Italy, “Economic bulletin no. 4 2025”; European Central Bank, “Economic, financial and monetary developments,” accessed Dec. 12, 2025.
[60] Deloitte, “Sport: a key sector for the country’s social, educational, and economic development,” December 2024.
[61] Central Statistics Office (CSO), “Population and migration estimates, April 2025,” April 2025.
[62] Central Bank of Ireland. Growth is measured on GNI* (modified gross national income) in real terms. Due to the anomalies in Irish GDP data, GNI* is viewed as a more meaningful measure of the Irish economy.
[63] CSO, “Business in Ireland 2022 – Insights on multinationals,” Oct. 22, 2024.
[64] CSO, “Ireland’s trade in goods,” accessed Dec. 12, 2025.
[65] Brian Cronin, “Why corporation tax could be even more concentrated than you think,” Irish Fiscal Advisory Council, Oct. 15, 2025.
[66] Department of Finance, October 2025 economic forecasts.
[67] Ibid.
[68] CSO, “Labor force survey quarter 2 2025,” Aug. 21, 2025.
[69] CSO, “Household saving Q2 2025,” Sept. 12, 2025.
[70] Central Bank of Ireland.
[71] IMD, “World competitiveness ranking 2025,” accessed Dec. 12, 2025.
[72] CSO, “Residential property price index August 2025,” Oct. 15, 2025.
[73] CSO, “New dwelling completions Q2 2025,” July 24, 2025.
[74] Central Bank of Ireland.
[75] Department of Finance; Deloitte calculations.
[76] European Commission, “Autumn 2025 economic forecast shows continued growth despite challenging environment,” Nov. 17, 2025.
[77] S&P Global, “PMI,” accessed Dec. 12, 2025.
[78] European Commission, “Autumn 2025 economic forecast shows continued growth despite challenging environment.”
[79] Spanish National Statistics Office, “Quarterly labor cost survey (QLSS): Second quarter 2025,” press release, accessed Nov. 17, 2025.
[80] Spanish National Statistics Office, “Quarterly non-financial accounts for the institutional sectors (QNFAIS): Second quarter 2025,” press release, Sept. 30, 2025; Bank of Spain, “Informe de Estabilidad Financiera. Otoño 2025,” accessed Nov. 17, 2025.
[81] Bank of Spain, “Informe de Estabilidad Financiera: Otoño 2025,” accessed Nov. 17, 2025. Household debt as a share of gross disposable income; Nonfinancial corporations debt as a share of gross earnings.
[82] Data Comex, “External trade statistics,” accessed Nov. 18, 2025.
[83] Eurostat, “National accounts database,” accessed Dec. 12, 2025; GDP chain linked volumes and real labor productivity per hour, index 2020 = 100.
[84] Spanish National Statistics Office, “Housing price index (HPI), base 2015: Second quarter 2025,” accessed Nov. 17, 2025.
[85] Airef, “Informe sobre los proyectos y líneas fundamentales de los presupuestos de las administraciones públicas 2026,” October 2025.
[86] UK Office of National Statistics.
[87] Ibid.
[88] Ibid.
[89] Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), “Ethiopia briefing sheet 2025,” Oct. 9, 2025.
[90] Ibid.
[91] Ibid.
[92] Ibid.
[93] Ibid.
[94] International Monetary Fund, “IMF country report no. 25/188,” Jul. 15, 2025.
[95] National Bank of Ethiopia, “Monetary policy committee meeting no. 004,” Sept. 29, 2025.
[96] EIU, “Ethiopia briefing sheet 2025.”
[97] African Development Bank Group, “African economic outlook 2025,” May 27, 2025.
[98] Ibid.
[99] National Bank of Ethiopia, “Monetary policy committee meeting no. 004.”
[100] Ghana Statistical Service.
[101] Economist Intelligence Unit.
[102] Ghana Statistical Service, “Consumer price index: September 2025,” Oct. 1, 2025.
[103] EIU, “One-click report: Ghana,” accessed Dec. 12, 2025.
[104] Bank of Ghana.
[105] Economist Intelligence Unit.
[106] Deloitte “Deloitte’s analysis of the 2025 mid-year budget review of the Government of Ghana,” July 2025.
[107] Ibid.
[108]Modern Ghana, “Ato Forson presents 2025 mid-year budget review in Parliament,” July 24, 2025.
[109] Ibid.
[110] EIU, “Economic growth,” Nov. 7, 2025.
[111] EIU, “One-click report: Kenya,” Oct. 9, 2025.
[112] EIU, “Inflation,” Oct. 31, 2025.
[113] EIU, “Lending interest rate,” Oct. 31, 2025.
[114] Ibid.
[115] EIU, “One-click report: Kenya.”
[116] Ibid.
[117] EIU, “Public debt,” Oct. 31, 2025.
[118] The National Treasury and Economic Planning, “KENYA achieves successful pricing of US dollars 1.5 billion,” press release, Feb. 26, 2025.
[119] EIU, “Public debt.”
[120] EIU, “One-click report: Kenya.”
[121] Ibid.
[122] The National Bureau of Statistics.
[123] Other reforms that have taken place in the last two years include market-driven exchange rate, fuel subsidy removal, and energy initiatives.
[124] The National Bureau of Statistics.
[125] EIU, “One-click report: Nigeria,” accessed Dec. 12, 2025.
[126] Central Bank of Nigeria, “Monetary policy communique no.159,” Sept. 23, 2025.
[127] Economist Intelligence Unit.
[128] Statistics South Africa (Stats SA), “Gross domestic product – second quarter 2025,” Sept. 9, 2025
[129] LSEG Workspace, “Reuter’s poll,” accessed Nov. 11, 2025; International Monetary Fund, “World economic outlook”; Oxford Economics, “Country economic forecast – South Africa,” Oct. 8, 2025; BMI/Fitch Solutions, “Bulk data export,” accessed Oct. 31, 2025.
[130] National Treasury, “Medium-Term Budget Policy Statement 2025,” Nov. 12, 2025.
[131] International Monetary Fund, “World economic outlook.”
[132] National Treasury, “Medium-Term Budget Policy Statement 2025.”
[133] LSEG Workspace, “Economic indicator database,” accessed Nov. 21, 2025.
[134] Stats SA, “Consumer price index – September 2025,” Oct. 22, 2025.
[135] South African Reserve Bank (SARB), “Statement of the MPC November 2025,” Nov. 21, 2025.
[136] National Treasury, “Medium-Term Budget Policy Statement 2025.”
[137] SARB, “Statement of the MPC September 2025,” Sept. 18, 2025.
[138] Daan Steenkamp, “Daan Steenkamp: Team SA approach needed for a low-cost transition to lower inflation target,” BusinessDay, Oct. 3, 2025.
[139]SANews, “SA exits FATF greylist after successful reform efforts,” Oct. 26, 2025; Nicola Mawson, “South Africa delisted from FATF greylist: What it means for your bank transactions,” IOL, Oct. 25, 2025.
[140] National Treasury, “Operation Vulindlela: Phase II progress report,” October 2025.
[141] South African Government, “National Treasury on Independent Transmission Programme,” June 6, 2025.
[142] National Treasury, “Operation Vulindlela.”
[143] National Treasury, “Medium-Term Budget Policy Statement 2025.”
[144] Antony Sguazzin, “SA wins R15.91bn World Bank loan for ailing cities,” Moneyweb, Nov. 10, 2025.
[145] EIU, “One-click report: South Africa,” Nov. 7, 2025.
[146] EIU, “One click report: Tanzania,” Oct. 23, 2025.
[147] Ibid.
[148] EIU, “Data: Public debt - Tanzania,” Oct. 21, 2025.
[149] EIU, “One click report: Tanzania.”
[150] Ibid.
[151] EIU, “Lending interest rates: Tanzania,” Oct. 23, 2025.
[152] EIU, “One click report: Tanzania.”
[153] Ibid.