The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the shift to digital government as doctorsâ appointments, school lessons and employment services, all hurriedly moved online. The move eased access for manyâbut made things much more difficult for others and, in fact, highlighted how deep-rooted the digital divide was and how unprepared we were to bridge it.
Schools moved online, but often, students without home internet access or their own tablets or computers were unable to access classes. Hospitals and clinics set up telehealth services, but those who lacked reliable internet connections or were unfamiliar with various website interfaces struggled to make appointments. Ensuring universal digital connectivity is just one part of the digital equity challenge.
Rickety infrastructure is another contributor. As public agencies moved to digital service delivery, constituents faced outages and difficulties tracking their applications and uploading documents and rejections due to incomplete forms. While some services and processes were already set up as digital-first, many were constructed in an analogue era, with online options added as an afterthought. Unprepared online environments were suddenly forced to handle a torrent of users. The traffic on some government websites, such as unemployment benefits portals, increased exponentially in early 2020; many systemsâand the staff who operated themâwere unable to keep up.1
Many government agencies are now aggressively trying to catch up.
But after nearly two years of trying to patch together online systems and communicate more effectively with constituents, government leaders are all too aware that even the best-in-class digital platforms cannot ensure equitable and inclusive access to services. Complicated processes and policies, antiquated systems, and inconsistent requirementsâwhich legal scholar and government-systems specialist, Cass Sunstein, calls sludgeâcontinue to pose hurdles. These challenges include lengthy wait times, multiple application requirements and confusing rules, which often impart hardships on the most disadvantaged populations.2
The strain of the pandemic revealed that many so-called digital government services were merely inferior online replicas of physical services. For instance, the US Temporary Assistance for Needy Families programme has long allowed online applications, but even now, many states donât allow applicants to update information or track their application status online.3
Governments need to relook at digitisation through an equity lens to build the âdigital access for allâ landscape that they are aspiring to in the postpandemic world. It includes improving broader access to digital connectivity, applying human-centered design approaches to both digital and in-person environments, and developing robust digital and data infrastructure to ensure smoother operations.
The Netflix series Maid, based on Stephanie Landâs memoir, opened many viewersâ eyes to the problem of administrative challenges.4 Itâs the story of 29-year-old Alex and her two-year-old daughter; sheâs trying to flee an abusive relationship while navigating a labyrinth of government social care systems and processes.
Many of those accustomed to frustrating interactions with government systems found the series uncomfortably familiar.5 Alex needs to show proof of income to be approved for day care vouchers but has nowhere to temporarily place her daughter if she wants to take a job. A housing voucher requires a landlord to approve and accept it.6 Government systems, however well-meaning, often saddle users with cumbersome burdensâand many pandemic-era constituents can communicate with systems and representatives only by smartphone.
Universal digital access is impossible without universal digital connectivity, improved design of digital services and a robust and flexible digital infrastructure (figure 1).
Around the globe, governments are making big strides toward plugging the accessibility gap, primarily by ramping up investments in connectivity infrastructure. They are making large investments in fibre networks, creating free public Wi-Fi zones, rethinking spectrum policy and pricing and funding digital literacy programmes7 (read more in âClosing the digital divideâ8).
The US Congress recently passed the US$1 trillion Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act to boost public infrastructure spending (see figure 2), including a US$65-billion broadband expansion focussing on digital equity, rural broadband, middle-mile infrastructure and affordability.9
Seattle has led significant efforts toward technology access and adoption. In 2017, the city began providing grants to nonprofits for digital literacy skills training programmes, affordable devices, and low-cost internet options.10 In 2021, it funded 15 projects with a total of US$480,000, including a technology loan programme for older adults and laptop donations to underserved communities.11
Rural areas represent a particularly difficult challenge for reliable high-speed internet. In 2012, India launched a National Optical Fibre Network project to connect 250,000 villages, ensuring a minimum speed of 100 megabits per second (Mbps), at an estimated expense of US$8.24 billion.12 More than 180,000 villages have been covered so far.13
Since it often makes little economic sense for private internet service providers to build infrastructure in rural markets, agencies and nonprofits are working to establish decentralised, community-driven networks. In Uganda, for example, the nonprofit Battery-Operated System for Community Outreach (BOSCO) converts bandwidth from fibre optics to wireless and transmits it through a small network of 13 towers to rural communities up to 90 kilometres away, powering its equipment with solar energy. BOSCO operates 55 community centres, serving nearly 60,000 residents.14
Such innovations, as well as wireless technologies such as satellite-based internet, can improve access in hard-to-reach geographical areas. In 2020, the nonprofit Internet Society reported more than two dozen new and existing community networks around the world in regions including Argentina, the Galapagos Islands, Ethiopia, Georgia, Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda and Zimbabwe.15 Governments realise rural connectivity is a priority, but there is still more to do in this area.
Many government processes seem to be designed for their operatorsâ ease of use rather than for constituentsâ. This is not surprising, as staffers interact with the systems daily, while users pop in only occasionallyâto file for unemployment insurance or apply for a passport, for instance.16 But, as the UK National Health Service website lead designer, Dean Vipond, says, âWorking at speed is no excuse for cutting corners with usability and accessibility of a project.â17 Making these services truly user-friendlyâparticularly for those who lack digital literacy or high-speed accessârequires a dramatic shift in service design.18
Consider the United Statesâ Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) program. For nearly 50 years, it has been a particularly effective antipoverty programme, lifting nearly 5.6 million people out of poverty in 2018 alone. But more than a fifth of eligible taxpayers failed to file EITC claims in 2018; most of them belonged to low-income, less-educated and non-English-speaking households.19
The IRS has altered the programme many times over the years to make it easier for taxpayers to use, but millions who could claim the credit still havenât. To identify hindrances to usage, New Americaâs New Practice Lab partnered with the New York Department of Taxation and Finance. Using human-centered design principles, they identified barriers such as limited knowledge of the credit, a high dependency on tax prep software or professionals, and the perception that enquiries from the IRS could constitute an audit. The New Practice Lab suggested simple tweaks: add clear language in communications with recipients, improve the formatting and fonts used in forms, customise letters for various taxpayer groups and offer forms in more locally spoken languages.20
Australiaâs Queensland government has created a plethora of human-centered design toolkits and resources for agencies, including guides for in-depth interviews, concept cards and customer journey map templates.21 This journey-mapping tool helped the Department of Housing and Public Works visually map servicesâsuch as computers, meeting rooms and childrenâs play areasâthat a public housing office should provide.22 In addition, the Customer and Digital Group within Queenslandâs Department of Communities, Housing and Digital Economy offers Queensland employees a free, two-day workshop on human-centered design.23
Governments are also looking to improve access by transforming back-end operations and associated digital infrastructure. A unique digital ID system(see the sidebar, âIndiaâs Aadhaar digital ecosystemâ), for instance, can integrate client information across dozens of government systems. This, along with data-sharing, can reduce administrative challenges and enable the âonce onlyâ principle of human-centered design, where citizens and businesses need to provide information just once to access multiple government services.
Germanyâs Refugee Digitization System, launched in 2016 to handle the arrival of more than a million refugees, collects relevant data (along with fingerprints as a legal identifier) at the first contact with a state agency and stores it in a central system. This system enables access to multiple services across government agencies, including housing, food assistance and healthcare.24
The Unique Identity Authority of India (UIDAI) illustrates how national governments can boost equity and inclusion. India launched the programmeâcommonly known as Aadhaar, meaning supportâin 2008, to provide each Indian citizen with âa digital identity that is unique, universal, portable, and easily authenticable,â according to UIDAIâs CEO, Saurabh Garg.25 The logic was simple: If citizens can prove their identities easily and safely, they face fewer complications in accessing government services.
The programme is also intended to curb the growth of waste and fraud. In 2008, for example, more than a third of all grain earmarked for poor households was sold elsewhere; identification and delivery errorsâboth inadvertent and deliberateâwaylaid 58% of grain shipments.26 Fake identities plagued nearly every government welfare programme.
At the time, India had overlapping identity systems for passports, voting and tax, but none covered more than half of the population. Aadhaar, by contrast, provides every citizen with a unique, 12-digit identification number and authenticates their identities with fingerprints or iris scans. The programme, now linked to hundreds of federal and state government programmes, has enrolled 99.5% of all Indian adults. Those lacking digital access or literacy can use their Aadhaar IDs via a QR code, a downloaded XML file, mobile app, a physical card, or a printout.
Aadhaar has also transformed financial inclusion by linking to hundreds of millions of âJan Dhanâ bank accounts intended for low-income users. âInclusion is a very basic fundamental principle for the Aadhaar programme,â Garg says. âThe digital identity should be universal, free of discrimination and remove barriers to access and use.â27 During the pandemic, the Central Government used Jan Dhan accounts to securely transfer cash to constituents.28
To further improve access to these funds, the National Payments Corporation of India, an organisation led by Indiaâs central bank, the Reserve Bank of India, joined with the Indian Banksâ Association to create an Aadhaar-enabled payment platform. This has allowed banks to install 5 million micro-ATMs in rural areas without brick-and-mortar bank branches. These devices allow account holders to withdraw cash from their Jan Dhan accounts using fingerprints for authentication.
Whatâs next? The government plans to provide Jan Dhan account holders access to microlending, investment and insurance products. âCredit is really the basis of economic growth,â Garg says. âThe Aadhaar ecosystem provides the basic digital infrastructure, and now the banks and other financial institutions have to leverage it.â29
Rachel Hope, deputy director at the UK Department for Education
The pandemic had an unprecedented effect on childrenâs education, with nationwide school closures from March 2020 and again in January 2021 as well as periods of self-isolation resulting in many children learning from home for months. This disruption was felt disproportionately by pupils from disadvantaged families with less access to devices (laptops, tablets, or a computer), the internet, or a suitable home-learning environment.
In the Department for Education, we delivered more than 1.7 million laptops and tablets to disadvantaged children. We provided 4G routers and partnered with mobile network operators to provide free data allowances and set up nearly 6,000 schools on Google or Microsoft education platforms for remote and blended learning. We funded a network of âdemonstratorâ schools and colleges to support others in using technology effectively and to provide advice on remote teaching.
The Get Help with Technology programme was a welcome rapid injection of support alongside many great local initiatives.
But what comes next?
Technology can have benefits inside and outside the classroom. In education, itâs about how school and college leaders use technology to save time, access the best curriculum content available, target learning interventions at vulnerable or disadvantaged pupils, support inclusion, communicate and engage with parents, and, ultimately, realise the potential of every child and learner. When applied with skill, technology offers huge opportunities for the educational sector, but it hasnât been universally embraced.
Governments are tackling problems that simultaneously touch on health, economy, security, social equity and more. Bringing together the insights of AI with the reach of cloud, the assurance of cyber, and new ideas on how to operate can help governments not just respond, but transform.