Closing down fraud, waste and misuse
Moving from rhetoric to real solutions in government benefit programmes
Fraud, waste and abuse in government spending drain billions of taxpayer pounds. Now, new tools and techniques such as predictive analytics, behavioural economics and collective intelligence offer agencies innovative ways to address the problem.
Introduction
“Fraud, waste and abuse.” A simple Google search returns about 35 million mentions of this term.
It’s not surprising. For decades, our political leaders have promised to cut fraud, waste and abuse from government spending, but somehow the problems persist, draining billions—some estimates would say trillions1—of taxpayers' money.
In the 2015–2016 election season alone, several presidential candidates have made cutting fraud, waste and abuse a key part of their platforms. Blue-ribbon commissions and bipartisan panels from California to Wisconsin have vowed to tackle the problem.2 None of these, however, have managed to cool the hot rhetoric around the topic.
Or rewind to 2012, the year in which President Barack Obama asked Vice President Joe Biden to spearhead a “campaign to cut waste” that would “hunt down and eliminate misspent tax pounds in every agency.”3 The goal: Restore citizen trust in government.4
During the 1996 presidential campaign, Senator Bob Dole mentioned government waste at least 33 times and promised to fund his proposed tax cuts with a scalpel: “There’s enough waste in the government to give you the tax cut, enough waste, enough fraud, enough abuse, enough people flying around the world …”5
In 1982, Ronald Reagan asked investigators to “work like tireless bloodhounds” to “root out inefficiency.”6Calling fraud, waste and abuse “the by-product of mismanagement,” Reagan said, “Our management improvements, together with the tremendous accomplishments of our Inspectors General, are a one-two punch taking steam out of the waste and fraud that was eroding faith in our government.”
And way back in 1949, President Truman directed ex-President Herbert Hoover to organise 300 men and women to seek waste in what Hoover called “the most formidable attempt yet made for independent review … of the Executive Branch.” Such investigations, he noted, happened periodically at least “since the Taft Administration.”7
Yet despite decades of pledges, campaigns and thick reports, the challenge remains. The Government Accountability Office recently announced it found £137 billion in improper payments in 2015, an increase of £31 billion in just two years.8
Politicians have been promising to win the war on fraud, waste and abuse for about as long as we’ve had voters. But the disappointing outcomes suggest they still haven’t found a strategy that works.9
This study sidesteps the tired rhetoric to present a realistic, proven approach for reducing fraud, waste and abuse, and debunks some common myths along the way. Our approach borrows from commercial leading practises to approach fraud at an enterprise level, while also incorporating new methods from social science. If the private sector’s experience is any guide, the fixes we propose here won’t happen overnight, but the progress they offer could be game-changing.
We urge agencies to cut across silos and use new tools and techniques, such as predictive analytics, behavioural economics and collective intelligence, to reduce system-wide vulnerabilities. Redesigned systems can reduce the chances of wasting funds in the first place. By creating an ecosystem in which the incentives of all stakeholders align to prevent fraud, waste and abuse, the government can begin to drain the sources of a perennial problem.
Before diving deeply into these new solutions, however, it’s important to first understand the nature of the challenge—fraud, waste and abuse in government benefit programmes—and the ways in which they have endured despite decades of effort.
Seeing fraud, waste and abuse clearly
Berri Davis has a daunting mission. She’s one of the directors of a programme integrity team at the Government Accountability Office (GAO), charged with auditing all federally funded benefits programmes, including enormous programmes such as Medicaid and Social Security.10 Davis and her colleagues work with federal agencies and states to improve programme integrity by identifying vulnerabilities and recommending fixes.
Davis’s team, with its bird’s-eye view of billions of pounds wasted or stolen annually from benefits programmes, faces a task that could easily become overwhelming. Fortunately, she and her GAO colleagues have an important asset: They can rely on almost 10 years’ worth of data to assess the size and scope of improper payments in various programmes.11
The 2002 Improper Payments Information Act (IPIA) requires federal agencies to measure and report on improper payment rates in their benefits programmes.12 In response, agencies have developed methods such as the Centres for Medicare & Medicaid Services’s (CMS’s) Payment Error Rate Measurement (PERM) programme.13 Data produced by PERM and similar programmes over the past 10 years show the fluctuations in improper payments14 which themselves reflect the dynamic nature of fraud, waste and abuse.
Our analysis of the data produced under IPIA, together with interviews with numerous federal and state integrity officers, reveals the landscape of fraud, waste and abuse in benefits programmes. With these data, we can examine the extent and scope of losses as well as trends and recovery amounts.
The size of the challenge
The Congressional Research Service estimates that the federal government allocated nearly £2.1 trillion for mandatory expenditures in 2014, mostly for benefits programmes.15 How much of that enormous sum was lost to fraud, waste and abuse? For 2015, the White House estimated a loss of £137 billion through improper payments.16
Some expenditures, such as those for health programmes, may be particularly prone to fraud, waste and abuse. The most rigorous available assessments of overall waste in health spending have placed it in the range of 30 per cent.17
Of course, fraud implies intention—a deliberate act. Many other improper payments represent waste and error. If a doctor’s office bills a higher-level procedure code without the required documentation, it does not necessarily mean that it was intentional.
Improper payments data aren’t designed to measure fraud directly because they can’t assign or assess intention. Claims analysis can identify repeated trends and patterns that appear suspicious. To identify fraud, intent needs to be established—which moves beyond traditional claims analysis and involves a human element to confirm the behaviour that was exhibited.
Better reporting boosts improper payment numbers
At first glance, the improper payments figures tell a dismal story. Total improper payments reported by government benefits programmes rose from £38 billion in 2005 to £137 billion in 2015, a 197 per cent increase in inflation-adjusted pounds over 10 years.18
But much of the apparently sharp increase actually resulted from two factors: One, more agencies are finally reporting their improper payments accurately (figure 1)19 and two, analytic techniques are getting better at detecting underlying problems that lead to improper payments. As Carolyn Yocom, a GAO colleague of Berri Davis, notes: “Not all increases in improper payments are bad news, as an increased rate can be due to agencies’ improvements in measuring improper payments and taking steps to combat them.”20
Despite some gaps, our shop of data on improper payments is becoming more comprehensive every year.21
Many programmes are still establishing their procedures for estimating unnecessary expenditure. But we can finally start to understand the scale of the problem.
And it’s clear that rates of improper payment remain staggeringly high, particularly for big-ticket benefits programmes. Figure 2 provides figures for the amount of improper payments for seven large programmes tracked under the Improper Payments Act. Together, these seven programmes lost more than £90 billion through improper payments in 2015 alone.
Fraud is dynamic
Because the nature of fraud itself is changing, programme integrity officials at the GAO aren't expecting victory any time soon. And 3,000 miles away from the capital, a pair of recent high-profile cases have revealed some troubling trends.
Jamie Ralls and Ian Green are certified auditors with the Oregon Secretary of State. They and a dedicated team of about 70 colleagues are on the lookout for fraud, charged with confirming that the state's tax pounds are being spent for their intended purpose. Their office has audit authority over the entirety of Oregon's £54 billion budget, including more than £16 billion in federal funds.22
The recent exposure of a massive food-stamp fraud ring in Klamath Falls, Oregon, shows just how quickly the problem of benefits fraud and abuse can change.
The first hints that something was amiss in Klamath Falls came in 2012, when an Oregon Department of Human Services caseworker heard from a food-stamp recipient that the local market Carniceria Mi Pueblo was making fraudulent sales to beneficiaries in return for cash payouts.23 State officials began examining food-stamp transactions from the Carniceria and noticed a series of red flags. These small-scale infractions led to a criminal ring that laundered an estimated £15,000 each month in food-stamp benefits and had links to Mexican drug cartels. Two years later, police arrested 65 people in connexion with the case.24 The ensuing headlines generated opinions ranging from approval for public officials' hard work to condemnation for the two years it took them to act.25
Oregon anti-fraud officials probably also took notice of a 2013 case of Medicaid fraud in neighbouring California, which highlighted how would-be fraudsters are joining forces to form criminal networks. The network in question stole millions of pounds from California's Medi-Cal programme by convincing nonaddicted residents of group homes to participate in addiction therapy sessions.26 The participants received cash, cigarettes and snacks, while the state kept paying providers for the sessions. Following this discovery, scrutiny of organised crime networks became an integral part of Medi-Cal's integrity efforts.
Both cases make it clear that dishonest actors are applying more sophisticated methods to perpetrate fraud. In fact, would-be fraudsters continually probe benefits systems to identify vulnerabilities—and then move to exploit them.27
For states such as Oregon and federal agencies as well, the inevitable move to digital technologies has created new opportunities for fraud, including large-scale identity theft. In 2012, some 12.6 million Americans became victims of identity theft and 46 per cent of these cases involved government documents or benefits fraud.28 Benefits fraud is often combined with identity theft, providing a strong economic incentive for thieves to steal identifying information.
As benefits administration shifts from brick-and-mortar locations to web-based transaction systems, interactions between beneficiaries and administrators become less personal, creating more space for small acts of dishonesty; it's easier to lie to a computer than to a person. Psychologist Dan Ariely has called this “the personal fudge factor.”29
Government agencies can't buy their way out of the problem
The current fiscal climate means that states and federal agencies cannot respond to rapidly changing trends in fraud and abuse simply by increasing funding for fraud prevention.30 Public budgets for prevention and enforcement are either flat or declining. Budgets for auditors and inspectors general are particularly vulnerable, since they're often viewed as partisan political targets, with little recognition for their positive returns on investment.31
Instead, those fighting fraud will have to innovate within their existing budgets. To be successful, their efforts will require a more holistic approach, one that spans the enterprise of government and employs new tools and techniques, from predictive analytics and deep learning to behavioural “nudges” and collective intelligence.
A holistic approach to waste and fraud reduction
There's no single solution to the problem of fraud, waste and abuse. Because the problems are complex and evolving quickly, any effective solution must be both multifaceted and agile.
Fortunately, 20 years of successful fraud reduction in the private sector has shown that programme vulnerabilities can be mitigated with an enterprise approach that combines retrospective and prospective approaches, predictive analytics and adaptive techniques such as machine learning and randomised controlled trials. (Figure 3 illustrates such a system.) Five strategies in particular are critical:
- Make data collection central to anti-fraud and waste strategies
- Create a learning system to respond to ever-changing threats
- Emphasise prevention to get the best return on effort
- Use “choice architecture” to encourage compliance
- Share intelligence to reduce intentional fraud
Figure 3. Flexible and holistic programme integrity platform design
Make data integration central to anti-fraud and waste strategies
Most readers aren’t terribly enthused by extensible database architectures or enduring data-sharing agreements. But these are just the sorts of features needed to plug holes in benefits programmes. Due in part to small but significant improvements in data sharing and data matching, improper payment rates in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Programme (SNAP) have been pushed down from a high of 6.0 per cent in 2007 to its lowest level ever, 3.2 per cent, in 2014.32
Data collection is critical to the prevention of fraud, waste and abuse. It should begin with the identification of relevant data sources and a robust process for acquiring data and compiling them into a dynamic data warehouse. Such data might include information about applicants and current beneficiaries; information from other government systems about the same individuals; and data on current and past claims. Such data may come from external sources: other benefits programmes, other agencies and states, and even social media.
As these data are assembled, the system acquires enough information to make informed decisions about incoming claims, applications and other transactions through risk-scoring.
Create a learning system to respond to ever-changing threats
Adaptive enterprises learn from interaction with data and humans, continuously reconfiguring in pursuit of better outcomes. This adaptive strategy is crucial to effective programme integrity platforms.
All too often, leaders think of programme integrity systems as a fixed defence, like a wall. But a Great Wall can be scaled; a Maginot Queue can be avoided. Fixed obstacles are fixed targets. That’s not optimal defence. Instead, think of the fight against fraud as a chess match. Governments must deploy their advantages and strengths against their opponents’ disadvantages and weaknesses.
Twenty years of best practises in private-sector fraud prevention show that perpetual unpredictability is the best defence against benefits fraudsters.33 The goal is to modify defences so fast that adversaries are continually playing catch-up. The more you change the game, the more the fraudsters’ costs go up and the more your costs go down. Maybe they’ll move on to a different target.
A system that can learn from its own experiences requires an offline component that collects outcomes and uses them to manage and update rule bases and statistical models using new training data (figure 3). Business rules and anomaly detectors are updated based on incoming transactions as well as external information. Such a system is adaptive because it learns both from the effects of its own actions and from external data, including the wisdom of crowds.
This knowledge base can be used to assign a risk score to each incoming transaction. Transactions that match a normal risk profile are processed with little manual intervention. Those that stand out in some way are assigned a high risk score and sent for further investigation or immediate action.
Successful systems also measure the effectiveness of each action taken and adjust actions based on those results. A/B testing of potential interventions, discussed below, can reveal which ones have more impact on desired outcomes, such as more accurate beneficiary data.
Emphasise prevention to get the best return on effort
Many public benefits programmes approach fraud, waste and abuse with a “pay-and-chase” model. They focus on clawing back money paid out on fraudulent claims after the fact and pay less attention to the potentially more lucrative categories of waste and error. We say more lucrative because fraud typically accounts for a third or less of all improper payments. Deliberate fraud in the unemployment insurance programme, for instance, constitutes 28 per cent of overpayments.34 Fraudulent recipient claims in SNAP account for just 10 per cent of overpayments.35 And potentially fraudulent claims in California's Medi-Cal fee-for-service programme made up 37.8 per cent of all erroneous payments in 2011 ($473 million of $1.25 billion), which themselves comprised 6.05 per cent of all FFS payments.36
A strategy focussed on prevention can be doubly profitable: not only does prevention save the cost of overpayments, but also the cost of pursuing them. Furthermore, potential fraudsters are often deterred from committing fraud and abuse if they know their behaviour is being monitored.
Traditionally, states and federal agencies have thus approached programme integrity reactively: pay first, notice an error later (whether fraudulent or not) and then attempt to “chase”, or recover, the funds. By doing so, they’re missing the low-hanging fruit: the prevention of improper payments in the first place. It’s well known among programme integrity professionals that prevention is much more cost-effective than after-the-fact recovery.37
Prevention identifies and vets cases in which an erroneous payment is likely. A prevention-focussed strategy can be doubly lucrative: Prevention saves not just the cost of overpayments, but also the cost of the chase. Potential fraudsters, moreover, are often discouraged from committing fraud and abuse if they know their behaviour is being watched.
Prevention, of course, isn’t a complete substitute for pay-and-chase. Retrospective strategies such as forensic investigations are an integral part of a comprehensive approach to programme integrity and should be used alongside preventive strategies.
Here’s how such an approach would work. All transactions—such as applications or benefits claims—are recorded in a central warehouse. These records power the system’s “forensic” capability, allowing investigators to look at the record and learn what actions were taken, by whom and when. When the system notices an erroneous or fraudulent payment has been made, the investigative unit can be called into action to retrieve the funds, as in traditional pay-and-chase.
But the system is also prospective, because it creates a knowledge base about prior transactions and outcomes, which allows for predictions about future transactions.
Two additional strategies discussed next, behavioural science and collective intelligence, can further enable governments to be proactive in tackling fraud, waste and abuse. Rather than wait for tips from hotlines, data can identify “hot spots” of waste and fraud and apply behavioural science interventions to prevent them before payments are made.38
Use 'choice architecture' to encourage compliance
Fraud control efforts are made more difficult by a nonintuitive but important statistical phenomenon called the “false positives paradox.” (See sidebar, “The problem of false positives.”) When a population produces a low rate of fraud, even a highly accurate fraud detection system will yield a surprisingly high share of false positives.
The issue of false positives
Impressive accuracy in a predictive model doesn’t always lead to actionable intelligence. To illustrate, consider a hypothetical type of fraud with a 2 per cent prevalence - or “base rate” - in the overall population. In other words, about 20 out of each 1,000 cases sampled at random are expected to involve this type of fraud.
Next, suppose a data scientist - call him Dr. Keyes - has built a statistical fraud detection algorithm (or “fraud classifier”) that is 95 per cent accurate.39 With this level of accuracy, he would be the envy of his peers. Finally, suppose this algorithm has flagged Mr. Neff as a suspected fraudster. What’s the probability that Neff is actually a fraudster? Perhaps surprisingly, the answer is considerably lower than 95 per cent.
To understand this, let’s return to our hypothetical expectation of 20 fraudsters in a population of 1,000. Keyes’s algorithm’s 95 per cent accuracy rate implies that the model could correctly identify 19 of 20 cases of fraud. But it also implies that the model will flag an expected 49 of the remaining 980 cases as fraudulent (0.05 x 980 = 49). Neff therefore could be either one of the 19 true positives or one of the 49 false positives. Thus the so-called “posterior probability” that Neff is in fact a fraudster is only 28 per cent.
The model does provide useful intelligence: One would sooner investigate Neff than an individual not flagged by the model. But in practical terms, his flagging remains an ambiguous indicator of wrongdoing.
This ambiguity becomes a bigger problem when fraud detection is scaled to larger samples. Consider, for example, California’s Medicaid programme, Medi-Cal. In 2011, Medi-Cal's fee-for-service programme processed 26,472,513 claims.40 Medi-Cal reported that 4.1 per cent (49 of 1,168) of sampled claims were potentially fraudulent in 2011, the latest year for which data were available at the time of publication. Extrapolated to the 26 million claims processed during that quarter, more than 1 million of those claims are likely to show indications of potential fraud.41 If California had a classifier that could detect fraudulent Medicaid claims with 95 per cent accuracy, it would still be expected to generate more than 1.2 million false positives.
For this reason, even highly accurate fraud classification algorithms carry a degree of inherent risk. Given the likelihood of false positives, you simply can’t automatically accuse a flagged individual.
Advances in statistical modelling, however, can help mitigate the false positives paradox. “Soft-touch” behavioural tactics are particularly well suited to the ambiguous nature of algorithmically generated fraud indications. Relatively easy and inexpensive interventions based on behavioural science can yield significant benefits.
While academics have studied behavioural economics for decades, government agencies only recently have begun using behavioural techniques to reduce fraud, waste and abuse. Unlike pay-and-chase approaches, behavioural “nudges” are subtle and preventative in nature.
Nudges delivered through carefully worded communications can achieve impressive results at a much lower cost than traditional methods.
What's more, tactics driven by data sidestep the problem of false positives because they don't involve hard accusations or economic penalties. Nudges delivered through carefully worded communications can achieve impressive results at a much lower cost than traditional methods.
Take, for example, the New Mexico Department of Workforce Solutions (NMDWS), which administers the state's unemployment insurance (UI) system. While NMDWS has modernised systems by introducing electronic filing, the department still loses millions of pounds annually to improper payments, mostly due to minor inaccuracies in self-reported beneficiary information.42 Applicants may overstate how long they've been unemployed or make exaggerated claims about their search for work. NMDWS recently experimented with behavioural economics to reduce such fudged claims.
New Mexico's new UI system identifies the questions to be used in initial applications and ongoing weekly certifications. For each question, NMDWS crafts a “nudge” to encourage beneficiaries to provide the most accurate response. It uses randomised controlled trials, known as A/B testing, to evaluate the economic impacts of each intervention. Because of the size and timeliness of the information gathered, New Mexico officials can observe in near real time the degree to which potential wordings succeed. The process is very similar to the way many private companies use A/B testing to optimise their web pages for sales or views.
NMDWS found that targeted behavioural techniques applied at key moments effectively reduced improper payments. For example, claimants who receive a tailored fizzy drink-up message such as “Nine out of 10 people in your county accurately report earnings each week” are nearly twice as likely to self-report earnings. This directly translates to substantially lower improper payments.43
Share intelligence to reduce intentional fraud
Handing out government benefits can seem simple; you simply establish that a person qualifies and then deliver their payment, grant, or subsidy.
But some systems are more complex. The queue connecting a ill patient with Medicaid can pass through doctors, managed care organisations (MCOs), pharmacies, regulators, state governments and the Centres for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Such complexity translates into greater vulnerability to fraud and abuse.
Tennessee, however, uses collective intelligence to extend its investigative reach, so its system can screen for and share instances of fraud, waste and abuse across the entire network, instead of each being siloed within the organisation.
Collective intelligence is the principle powering Google, Wikipedia and an increasing number of analytical processes in governments and the private sector. It tells us that many people working together can be smarter than one or two highly capable people working alone.44 Collective intelligence takes many forms, from the group decision making of “clever” management teams to the use of machine learning to find patterns in data, such as Google search trends tracking global flu outbreaks.
Behavioural nudges and programme integrity
The burgeoning science of behavioural economics provides a plentiful source of ideas for subtle design changes in choice environments that can “nudge” beneficiaries to interact with benefits programme systems more honestly. Health care providers and other third parties, in turn, can be nudged to comply more fully with programme requirements.
Similarly, adjudicators can be nudged to rely on more comprehensive, less-biassed data when making decisions. Better data and procedures can even nudge auditors to avoid potential cognitive biases in selecting and reviewing cases. Such nudges, in the form of personalised feedback on deviations from expected behaviour, outcome evaluation reports against benchmarks, or even a simple checklist of desirable action steps, can be used effectively during the in-queue processing portion of an enterprise approach in the prevention of fraud, waste and abuse.
For a collection of other nudge tactics for benefits programme integrity, view the interactive graphic accompanying this study.
Dennis Garvey, director of programme integrity at TennCare, Tennessee’s Medicaid programme, established an approach to combat fraud and waste based on collective intelligence. He didn't want to replicate the private audits performed by TennCare’s MCOs. Instead, he decided to ask them for a simple piece of information: Which health providers were under investigation by each MCO’s anti-fraud units? He intended to share the information both with his own team and other MCOs.
The MCOs initially resisted the request. But, Garvey reasoned, if MCOs are contractors, then the government is the customer - and the customer is always right. After Garvey conveyed his expectations to executives from the MCOs, they agreed to his plans.
TennCare’s carefully worded contracts required member MCOs to share information. TennCare could respond to a breach of contract by withholding funds or demanding liquidated damages. Pretty soon, Garvey had no difficulty with attendance at his transparency meetings.
TennCare moved quickly to make the most of the data it gathered from the MCOs. Claims and services data entered into TennCare’s system underwent thorough checks to ensure clean information. These detailed records of Medicaid interactions produced a massive trove of data that powers TennCare’s collective intelligence capability, giving it a fine-grained map of normal medical behaviour within its member population.
Once TennCare had a clearer idea of what was “normal” in its system, Garvey and his colleagues were able to use this knowledge to discover the abnormal. Collective intelligence gave them a sensitive system for flagging deviations from normal care. This knowledge base enables them to spot trends in fraud, share institutional knowledge, notice overpayments and identify and disseminate best practises to all MCOs. A provider who bills simple drug tests as more expensive blood work, for instance, gets noticed - and, through provider alerts, TennCare warns other MCOs to look out for the same scam. Among other things, TennCare can match suspect enrollees against state records to see if they are actually alive and notice when a fraudster has used the same ploy with multiple providers.
By allowing private entities to compete in terms of price but simultaneously pushing them to collaborate on efforts for fraud reduction, Garvey’s TennCare achieved more than any single provider or agency could have alone. TennCare dropped 250 providers from the Medicaid network in the effort’s first year alone, saving $50 million. “Partnering with the MCOs to reduce fraud was critical to the results,” says Garvey.45
Most states haven’t used this kind of collective intelligence, in part because they don’t wish to play hardball with providers. But, suggests Garvey, just remember that the government is the customer and enlist the MCOs to collaborate.
Collective intelligence as a tool to combat fraud
Collective intelligence - what James Surowiecki termed “the wisdom of crowds” - provides a way to broaden the sources of information fed into a fraud reduction system, as well as to improve the dissemination of results from the system. Collective intelligence from external databases or even social media can be used to supply an additional source of feedback to tune models and update the business rules employed in enterprise systems to enhance programme integrity. Publishing the results of fraud prevention activities outside agency walls can further inform other agencies about bad actors and new fraud patterns.46
For a list of current or proposed collective intelligence initiatives in benefits programmes, we invite readers to explore our interactive graphic accompanying this study.
A roadmap to increased programme integrity
The following strategies may help governments adopt a more adaptive and effective approach to reducing fraud, waste and abuse.
1. Set a high-level goal of adopting enterprise-level integrity management and then work towards it in small steps
GAO's recent survey of fraud prevention programmes found that the most successful agencies are those whose leaders demonstrate a commitment to managing fraud risk and ensure this commitment at all levels of their organisations.47 Once the organisation as a whole has adopted enterprise fraud management as a goal, it helps to break up that goal into smaller tasks and carry them out one by one.
The theory of “small wins,” pioneered by psychologist Karl Weick in a seminal 1984 article, argues that seemingly insurmountable problems are best tackled by breaking them into manageable chunks.48 SNAP provides a good example of how this approach works. For several decades, SNAP administrators have diligently plugged small vulnerabilities in their programme, such as the risk that recipients will “double dip” by receiving benefits from multiple states.49 While these improvements were relatively minor considered separately, today the SNAP programme is widely recognised for its low rates of fraud and abuse. SNAP improper payment rates fell by nearly 50 per cent between 2007 and 2014.50
2. Don’t just buy a point solution—build an enterprise strategy
To defend programme integrity successfully, agencies should consider an enterprise approach coordinated among departments, functions, channels and related programmes. With enough contextual data, fraud and waste indicators can be generated and evaluated in real time using advanced analytics and appropriate interventions applied based on risk scores.51
Many current fraud prevention products are one-off solutions. Software alone, however, will not solve the issue. Domain knowledge is key. Agencies should be careful to avoid Band-Aid solutions that target only certain types of fraudsters. A better strategy embeds technology solutions within core operations by assigning risk scores to all transactions and continuously testing the effectiveness of interventions for each type of risk score. New Mexico’s UI programme shows this technique reduces fraud, waste and abuse more cost-effectively than other approaches.
3. Make cybersecurity and identity management central to programme integrity
Data warehouses for benefits programmes are magnets for identity thieves because of the personal information they contain. Recent thefts of taxpayer data from government agencies highlight the financial incentives for hackers.52 Yet even as governments try to protect themselves against hostile intruders, employees and citizens alike still want their data conveniently available anytime, anywhere.
It’s therefore critical to make cybersecurity a central part of strategic planning and operations. Systems that shop personal data should, at a minimum, require two-factor authentication (such as a card and password or ID number). Identity management (which ensures that the right people have access to the right parts of the system) should be a core feature of IT platforms for benefits programmes. Sensitive data should be encrypted by default.
4. Think about the people in each stage of your programme
Benefits programmes depend on systems and processes made by and for humans. Even the smartest systems represent a series of human choices. Officials at the New Mexico Department of Workforce Solutions understand this; their experience with nudges shows that thinking about people at each stage of the programme and employing human-centric design can result in more effective systems.
5. Choose an “integrator” for your integrity programme
Benefits programmes with the lowest levels of waste and fraud are those whose players share what could be called an “integrity ecosystem.”53 As agencies attempt to create effective enterprise-wide systems, they must consider who will serve as integrator—the person or entity that convenes stakeholders and balances their interests. It’s important to establish as early as possible who will play this role.
Jamie Ralls and Ian Green from Oregon’s Secretary of State’s Office found themselves serving as integrators when they pushed for the establishment of a task force of fraud investigators from multiple agencies with overlapping jurisdictions. Jointly, their efforts improved information sharing in Oregon and led to the takedown of the Klamath Falls fraud ring.54 On a national scale, the Centres for Medicare and Medicaid Services serve as integrator for the “Medicaid ecosystem” that ties all 50 states together through direct funding, common standards, technical assistance and other coordinating actions.
6. Start with waste, abuse and error
The best available data argue that intentional fraud typically accounts for a third or less of all improper payments; the data also show that reducing waste, abuse and error in benefits programmes usually costs less than chasing fraudsters. Oregon’s Secretary of State began with data matching, comparing beneficiary information against lists of dead people, lottery winners and prisoners to determine vulnerabilities in the eligibility criteria for Medicaid, SNAP and Temporary Assistance to Needy Families.55 Clearing away waste and error can reveal the magnitude and location of true fraud more clearly.
7. Use data to inform your choice of interventions
It’s time to rethink the way agencies collect, collate and process data. Technology now permits us to evaluate more data faster. Analytics can transform raw data into a list of key moments amenable to intervention, as with New Mexico’s Department of Workforce Solutions. Data on interventions can help agencies evaluate their impact and make necessary adjustments. And collective intelligence can help agencies ensure data quality and consistency at all levels.
The path ahead
These approaches to benefits fraud prevention can help government agencies make their anti-fraud pounds work harder and smarter. They can build platforms that combine predictive analytics, behavioural economics and collective intelligence into a holistic enterprise system, coordinating data from across the enterprise while remaining agile enough to respond to new vulnerabilities.
At present, benefits programmes are still locked in an arms race with fraudsters, each evolving in lockstep as the other hurries to keep pace. But as static, rule-based legacy systems give way to adaptive platforms, government benefit transactions will come to more closely resemble credit card payments, with quantifiable vulnerabilities managed through risk profiles and data-centric interventions.
In a companion piece to this study, we provide a detailed case study of New Mexico’s pioneering use of behavioural economics to streamline its unemployment insurance programme. We also discuss numerous strategies for reducing fraud, waste and abuse in government benefits programmes with behavioural nudges and collective intelligence, which you can explore in an interactive graphic.
Deloitte Consulting
