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NAE (National Academy of Engineering), “Greatest engineering achievements of the 20th century,” 2003, www.greatachievements.org/.

Karl McDermott, Cost of service regulation in the investor-owned electric utility industry—A history of adaptation, Edison Electric Institute, 2012, p. 21.

US Energy Information Administration, Annual energy outlook 2015, April 2015, p. 8, www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/0383%282015%29.pdf, accessed November 16, 2015.

Gregory Aliff, Beyond the math: Preparing for disruption and innovation in the US electric power industry, Deloitte Center for Energy Solutions

The cost-of-service model evolved to meet demand growth and to protect utility customers, rewarding capital investment in reliable assets: The model spreads the amortized investment plus operating costs and a reasonable rate of return across the increasing number of units demanded.

Lehtonen and Nye, “History of electricity network control and distributed generation in the UK and Western Denmark,” Energy Policy, volume 37, issue 6, June 2009, pp. 2338–2345.

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Michael E. Raynor and Mark J. Cotteleer, “The more things change: Value creation, value capture, and the Internet of Things,” Deloitte Review, 2015, http://dupress.com/articles/value-creation-value-capture-internet-of-things.

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Feeder automation systems detect, locate, and isolate faults and restore service in electric distribution feeders. Distribution feeders are the connections between a sub-station and the distribution circuits that service customers.

Demand response management is a system that lets the utility coordinate and manage its various demand response programs. A demand response program is an agreement between the utility and the customer to reduce electrical load during times of peak demand and a mechanism to effect that shedding of load. Demand response program mechanisms range from completely manual load reduction actions to fully automated systems triggered by signals sent by the utility.

Information about the goals and status of this initiative can be found on New York State’s website, http://www3.dps.ny.gov/W/PSCWeb.nsf/All/CC4F2EFA3A23551585257DEA007DCFE2?OpenDocument.

Deloitte, Architecting the operating model of the future: Enterprise model design, Deloitte Consulting LLP, 2015